Are The Theories Of Thucydides Relevant?

Are The Theories Of Thucydides Relevant? Are Thucydides and his History of the Peloponnesian War still relevant for the analysis of contemporary international relations? Why? It can surely be said that the realism school of thought was created by the great Greek historian Thucydides after his studies on the Peloponnesian Wars. His main assumption, which embodies the realist school of thought, is that relations between states are not based on right but rather on might, and that a state of anarchy prevails. To answer this essay question, the essay will dispute the degree of relevance of Thucydides theories and ideas in the modern world politics, by mainly using the Melian Dialogue as an insight of comparison. Thucydides observations begin during the Peloponnesian Wars between the different Greek city-states (polis). His first recognition was that there was a certain degree of pattern between the strategies adopted by these city-states concerning the relationship between them. He points out a hierarchical system of actions, while a change in smaller states will not make a difference, a change in stronger states car arguably unbalance a whole system. The following quote exemplifies this: What made war inevitable was the growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta. Two reasons can be identified of why the start of the Peloponnesian War. The first reason is the amazing growth of Athens in all spheres, and the second, the release of the Megarian Decree. Athens did this due to its preoccupations about the loyalty of its colonies. The Megarian Decree was essentially an economic sanction towards Megara in order to break its alliance with Sparta, which in turn becomes a threat to Spartas and Corinthian security (Gilpin, 1991: 34). The next chain of events was that the Corinthians made an ultimatum to the Spartans, suggesting a front against the Athenians, otherwise they would form a new alliance, thus harming Spartan security. In response, the Spartans demanded the annulment of the Megarian Decree, however Athens refusal to do so was probably the direct cause of war. Thus the security dilemma can be said to have driven the two powers into an undesired war (Lebow, 1991:127). To compare it with a modern example it has to be mentioned the sudden change in US perception of Soviet power after the Soviet Union launched its first ICBM. This action led to a growing US insecurity, Kennedys concern to maintain US power led to an increase in US strategic build up (Lebow,1991:142). However Kauppi states that there are intervening variables preventing the shifting balance of power leading to war in the cold war world. He cites modern examples of the restraining effect of nuclear weapons, and the existence of neutrals as having a stabilizing influence by not entrapping the superpowers in a zero sum game. He also cites the role of ideology as convincing both superpowers that they could win without war (Gilpin, 1991: 47). Moreover, it has to be mentioned that while power transition theory and the resultant fear may explain the stress imposed on the states, other factors can avoid fear from resulting in war. Lebow matches the power transition theory by arguing that Athens reached the peak of its power twenty years before the war started, he con cludes with the notion that it is the perception of power that is vital to power transition theory and war, the effect of middle powers like Corinth is another factor to consider (Lebow, 1991: 128). Again, during the Cold War, even though there was not a direct confrontation, the large defence spending and the development of weapons of mass destruction demonstrates that both superpowers used fear to dissuade each other and acting on fear by arming themselves, the MAD doctrine comes into consideration. Self interest is also one of the main features of Thucydides thought, according to Gilpin, Thucydides thought that human nature was unchangeable and since human beings were determined by interest, fear and pride, they always look for to augment their wealth until others driven by the same, try to stop them (Welch, 2003: 304). In the Melian dialogue the Athenians say: Our opinion of the gods and our knowledge of men lead us to conclude that it is a general and necessary law of nature to rule wherever one can (Brown, Nardin, Rengger, 2002: 57). The speech by the Athenians shows that their only worry is of preserving their empire, and they try to convince the Melians that it is in their best interest to surrender. They ask the Melians to ignore the matter of justice and claim that it is not in Spartas interest to interfere on their behalf (Brown, Nardin, Rengger, 2002: 57). It can be stated very confidently that the Melian dialogue reflects the law of nature of self interest being the m ost useful strategy. To give a modern example of self interest, the statist concept or the national interest, observed in the Mytilenian debate. Both Diodotus and Cleon try to deal the situation to Athenss benefit, even though they have diverse opinions, as Diodotus considerations of justice are inapplicable to interstate relations (Welch, 2003: 76). An example of self interest in US doctrine on Space (Oct 2006): The United States will preserve its rights, capabilities, and freedom of action in space and deny, if necessary, adversaries the use of space capabilities hostile to US national interests (BBC News. (2006). US adopts tough new space policy. Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6063926.stm. Last accessed 20 Dec 2009). In modern times the principal of self interest still guides the actions of states, however, it may not always be that of a single state, as states may cooperate to pursue their common self interest. This is highly considered by the states, as th ey understand that in a more globalised world they must re-think their actions of self interest. The expansion of international law, above all, humanitarian law, indicated that there are rules of non intervention and human rights that states are coerced to pursue. Disapproval from the international community in case of their infringement would not be in a states national or self interest. Therefore, while the national interest is an important constituent of state decision making, in the present day, the knowledge f two world wars and the predominance of liberal ideas indicate that the national interest is still imperative but not the only motive for state behaviour. Power politics is the effect of fear and self interest. To engage in power politics, the Athenians conclude: depends on strength: The standard of justice, depends on the equality of power to compel and that, in fact, the strong do what they have the power to do and the weak accept what they have to accept (Brown, Nardin, Rengger, 2002: 52). Therefore, the skill of imposing your demands depends on relative power. As the quote from the Melian dialogue demonstrates, Athens warns Melos to submit as they are too weak to oppose. In view of the fact that there is anarchy between the states relations, the command that exists is created and continued by the powerful that inflict their power inside their sphere of influence. States, resembling to individuals, are encouraged by self interest and fear, and plea to justice only when their interest is provided. The natural right of the stronger to rule over the weaker is a rather simplistic explanation of imperialism (Brown, Nardin, Rengger, 2002: 75). A present day example is that of US warning countries that they were either with us or against us. It can be said that this is a warning to force unity in the war on terror. Thucydides adds that an actors power determines his treatment thus showing the essential nature of the balance of power in international relations. This is the safe rule to stand up to ones equals, to behave with deference towards ones superiors and to treat ones inferiors with moderation. (Brown, Nardin, Rengger, 2002: 58) A quote from US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice about nations that didnt support the war on Iraq illustrates this: Punish France, ignore Germany and forgive Russia. (Reuters. (2003). Rice Quoted Saying U.S. to Ignore Schroeder. Available: www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0525-09.htm. Last accessed 20 Dec 2009.) Thucydides finds that it is a law of nature that the weak become subject to the strong and when the opportunity of aggrandisement is offered by superior strength considerati ons of right and wrong are sacrificed to self interest (Welch, 2003,75). The notion of universal justice is not denied by Thucydides, he merely admits that for better or worse it has no limiting strength in a system composed of states not equal in power (Welch, 2003:75). On the other side, Bagby disputes that not all states choose to maximise power. The example of Sparta and how the Corinthians call them shy and weak in contrast to Athens, comes to mind. These national differences are established by King Archidamus when he tells the Spartans: be not ashamed of the slowness and dilatoriness for which they censure us most. (Bagby, 1994:138) Doyle points out that the political ideologies of Athens and Sparta and the dissimilar sectors of society they attract were a significant constituent of their conflict. Doyle reveals that Thucydides stress on the national character of Athens, in its impatient culture and its democratic institutions (Doyle, 1997:150-152). Consequently, the aim of ma ximising power can be understood as a powerful encouragement, but domestic pressures and domestic character are also vital. In conclusion, Thucydides was one of the first to create three assumptions of classical political realism: states are the main players, they take power as an end in itself or as a means to other ends and act in ways that are rational. (Keohane, Bagby, 1994:132) Although Thucydides has been interpreted in many ways, his theories about human nature: self interest, power maximisation and fear, are lasting. They describe the strains acting on states in todays world pushing them to take decisions. Even though there are many differences between today and his time Thucydides successfully makes clear the psychological and social propensity in strategy and is therefore relevant today, as the Athenians state: And it is not as if we were the first to make this law, or to act upon it when made: we found it existing before us, and shall leave it to exist for ever after us; all we do is to make use of it, knowing that you and everybody else, having the same power as we have, would do the same as w e do.

Bulima Nervosa Essay -- Research Eating Disorder Essays

Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia nervosa is a disease that predominately affects young females. Since the origination of its medical definition various studies have been implemented to examine the cause of onset and effects of bulimia nervosa. There have also been studies surveying the long-term outcome of bulimia nervosa. These long-term studies have analyzed such relationships as age, employment status, social status and marital status and bulimia nervosa. By using three scientific studies of long-term outcome of bulimia nervosa, this paper will try and evaluate the research obtained and offer critical suggestions to help further studies on this topic. The first study, "Bulimia nervosa: a 5-year follow-up study," uses a follow up sample of thirty-six patients, which consisted of 72%of the original sample. The original sample was comprised of fifty patients who were consistently referred to the Academic Department of Psychiatry at the Royal Free Hospital. Of the fifty patients, one was male. All of the patients were diagnosed with bulimia nervosa during their initial visit and met DSM-III criteria for bulimia. The ages of the sample ranged from 14 to 40 years with a mean age of 23.5. Also the onset of the disease ranged from 10 to 36 years of age with a mean of 19 years. The follow-up study began no less than five years after their initial visit with an average duration of 5.10 years. The patients were contacted through the mail, and of these fifty patients, 41 were traced, one had died, 5 were unable or refused to participate and 36agreed to participate. The study evaluated the general outcome of each patient, which consisted of th ree categories: Good outcome, Intermediate outcome and Poor outcome. The poor behavioral outcome g... ...er to be cured of the disease through support of a relationship and satisfactory social outcome. This study gives a general association. Again, I also find it hard to distinguish treatment programs since each case is individual. Yet, perhaps with more long-term studies in the future bulimia nervosa will be thoroughly understood, and the difficulties I mentioned will be obsolete. Works Cited: Dayson, D., Johnson-Sabine, E. & Reiss, D.(1992). Bulimia Nervosa: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study. Psychological Medicine, 22(4), 951-959. Johnson-Sabine, E. & Reiss, D.(1995). Bulimia Nervosa: 5-year Social Outcome and Relationship to Eating Pathology. International Journal of Eating Disorders,18(2),127-133. Keel, P.K., Mitchell, J.E., Miller, K.B., Davis, T.L. & Crow, S.J. (1999). Long-term Outcome of Bulimia Nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(1), 63-69.

Effects of Teen Pregnancy Essay

A child is like the icing on top of a cake, a finishing touch to a married couple’s journey on earth together. If perfectly planned and periodically monitored, a woman’s pregnancy will be one of the most unforgettable experiences she will ever have. To be able to carry out a safe pregnancy, the ideal age to get impregnated is from the early twenties to the early thirties. This is the time the female reproductive system is fully developed and mature enough to handle multiple activities such as the fertilization of an egg, the carrying of a fertilized egg to fetal maturity, and the nurturing of the newborn by means of milk production (Bullock 1087). Also, if the woman is psychologically ready and wanting to have a child, she will not have a hard time going through the process because of acceptance of the situation, support of the family around her and if married, the spouse’s longing to have a child with her. Unfortunately this is not always the case. The adolescent stage is the period during which the person becomes physically and psychologically mature and acquires a personal identity, from twelve to eighteen years of age (Kozier 385). The establishment of an identity is the psychosocial task of an adolescent according to Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Developmental Theory. Failure to establish an identity will lead to role confusion (Kozier 387). Role confusion poses a threat to the teenager’s social wellbeing. The teenager maybe at a loss as to what her role in society might be or what career path she would take and if she will even go to college. Adolescents are almost always experiencing a roller coaster of emotions in their search for an identity. They tend to look for people with similar preferences and would not want to be seen with other people who do not share the same characteristics as they have, they begin to idolize a person and want to be just like him or her, they become rebellious, they demonstrate forbidden behaviors, they seek attention and admiration from the opposite sex and choose their career paths. Because of the physical changers that are happening to their bodies, they tend to be curious and experimental with these changes. â€Å"Adolescents are sexually active and may engage in masturbation as well as heterosexual and homosexual activity†(Kozier 387). Statistics show that more than 800,000 teens get pregnant each year which places the United States as one of the highest among industrialized countries (Teen Pregnancy: Reality Check). As to why this happens, people can only speculate and come up with studies, surveys and interview. There are however identified risk factors for teenage pregnancy. â€Å"These include: family situations with regular conflict between members, violence and sexual abuse in childhood, unstable housing arrangements, poor school performance, poor school attendance, low socioeconomic background, family history of teenage pregnancies, low maternal education, father’s absence, low self-esteem, Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander and living in rural and remote areas† (Teenage pregnancy some facts). Dealing with adolescent pregnancy does not only have serious physical effect, but psychological as well. The adolescent is at risk for PIH, iron deficiency anemia, preterm delivery, and cephalopelvic disproportion because her own physical growth maybe inadequate to support the growth and delivery of the fetus. PIH or pregnancy induced hypertension is the second leading cause of maternal death in the United States. This illness is a combination of hypertension, edema and proteinuria during pregnancy (Bullock 93). Iron deficiency anemia or IDA occurs when there is a considerable lower than normal amount of Iron in the blood. Iron is needed by the blood in order to effectively transport oxygen to various parts of the body. Fortunately this can be easily corrected by taking oral supplements of Iron as prescribed by the doctor (Bullock 356). Preterm delivery, which is 36 weeks of gestation or life inside the woman’s womb, is a serious threat for both the fetus and the mother. The normal term is 37 weeks to 40 weeks and less that that the fetus will not be mature enough to live outside the mother’s uterus. The pregnant adolescent’s nutrition may not also be adequate enough, resulting to malnutrition. Prenatal care may also be delayed because the teenager maybe in denial, hence the fetus might not be well taken care of resulting to deficiencies and fetal abnormalities. As for the infant, he or she is susceptible to having lower birth weights, increased infant mortality, increased risk of hospital admission in early childhood, less supportive environments, poorer cognitive development, and if female, a higher risk of becoming pregnant during the adolescent period, as compared to infants born of older women (Teenage pregnancy: trends). Psychologically, a teenager is prone to postnatal depression compared to older women. Reasons for this include societal attitudes, lack of support from family and isolation, and financial pressures (Teenage pregnancy implications). There is also a tendency for the teenage mother to be abandoned by their male partners, especially during birth. Being alone in a very hard process can sometimes be the hardest thing that teenage mothers go through. Not only are their partners abandoning them, but the stigma attached to teenage pregnancy also affects the family of the teenager. There seems to be feelings of alienation from the teenager’s family. All of these may add up resulting to more negative feelings towards oneself, more questioning of identity hence role confusion, wasted dreams and impossibility of going back to her education. All the emotional stress may even lead to a mental illness. Efforts are being made to lower the number of teen pregnancies. A number of organizations have been established and there are even pregnancy prevention programs for males. Education maybe the key, with these programs discussing the consequences of early sexual activities like unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Contraception is strongly advocated, even sex education has been really pushed through, and sexual abstinence until marriage has been a strong banner for these programs. The family physician’s or any health care personnel’s role is also significant. They will be able to explain and elaborate more on the nature of the consequences of sexually transmitted diseases and early pregnancy to teens. In fact, in a study entitled, â€Å"Explaining Recent Declines in Adolescent Pregnancy in the United States: The Contribution of Abstinence and Improved Contraceptive Use† it showed how much the pregnancy rates declined over the past 7 years. Improvements in contraceptive use included increases in the use of condoms, birth control pills, withdrawal, and multiple methods and a decline in nonuse. The overall pregnancy risk index declined 38%, with 86% of the decline attributable to improved contraceptive use. Among adolescents aged 15 to 17 years, 77% of the decline in pregnancy risk was attributable to improved contraceptive use† was the result of the study by John S. Santelli, MD, MPH, Laura Duberstein Lindberg, PhD, Lawrence B.  Finer, PhD and Susheela Singh, PhD. Sharing intimacy with another person is always a personal choice. But the responsibilities that come with it are not. The freedom of having a choice comes with a price, the burden of being unprepared to raise your own child. And everything else you pick up the broken pieces after that. It matters how much strength and courage you have, how much you can carry alone. But it is important to know that life does not end when hardships begin, it’s just begun.

Childhood Obesity Obesity And Obesity - 1515 Words

Within the past 30 years, the rate of overweight and obese children has been growing at an alarming rate. The cause of this increasing problem is due to lack of physical activity, poor eating habits, and genetics. Childhood obesity can also lead to conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, asthma, and bone problems later on in life. The prevalence of obesity varies among ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and age. Hispanics (22.4%) and non-Hispanic black youths (20.2%) are more likely to be overweight and obese compared to the non-Hispanic white (14.1%) and non-Hispanic Asian youth (8.6%) (CDC.gov, 2014). Children of low income-to-poverty families are also more vulnerable being overweight and obesity. These families usually live in communities with little grocery stores, great availability of fast food restaurants, and limited access to healthcare. The older children get, the more the obesity rates are climbing. Younger children are less likely to be overweight and obese because their parents have more control over what they are eating. Growing up means learning to make your own decisions and taking care of yourself, which also means having the choice to intake unhealthy food and staying active. Childhood obesity trends in the U.S. vary among states and regions. The population of the Southern states has at least 15.1% of obese children compared to the Midwest’s and Northeast’s 10 .1% (Caprio, S. et al, 2008). The Journal of American Medical Association did find a decline inShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Obesity1247 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Obesity: A Review to Prevent the Risk Factors of Childhood Obesity in Our Community. The rates of childhood obesity Worldwide are alarmingly high! Obesity is a global nutritional concern and leads to horrible consequences on our children and becomes a worldwide pandemic. Worldwide estimates of obesity are as high as 43 million, and rates continue to increase each year. In this study, people will find healthy tips to prevent childhood overweight or obesity to help children in our communitiesRead MoreThe Effects Of Obesity On Childhood Obesity Essay1953 Words   |  8 Pagesfind out what has caused or what the leading factors to obesity are. Researchers are currently still doing research to find out what causes or what may be the lead to obesity. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition which considers a child to be obese if their Body Mass Index (BMI) is at or above the 95th percentile for children and teens of the same age and sex. (Rendall., Weden, Lau, Brownell, Nazarov Fernandes, 2014). Obesity is on a rise in the Unites States and all over the worldRea d MoreChildhood Obesity : Children Can Not Combat Obesity1158 Words   |  5 Pages Childhood Obesity Jesus Dorado DeVry University Prewriting My narrowed topic is that parents need to play a bigger role in helping reduce childhood obesity. Children cannot combat obesity by themselves. My primary audience consists of parents of children (ages 7-12). This is my primary audience because parents of young children should be aware of the potential dangers of childhood obesity. If parents do not teach their children how to make healthy decisions, their children will beRead MoreChildhood Obesity : The Adolescent Essay3626 Words   |  15 PagesChildhood Obesity: The Adolescent The Finale Paper Presented to: GEN499: General Education Capstone Instructor: Robert Bass Ashford University By: Ranita Wallace March 27, 2015 Childhood Obesity: The Adolescent Obesity is a growing health problem. 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In addition, children who are obese are more than likely to become obese as adults, therefore the development of a health fair that would highlight increasedRead MoreThe Causes Of Childhood Obesity1937 Words   |  8 PagesCauses of Childhood Obesity Imagine yourself walking into a kindergarten class, and all you see are obese children not walking, but moving on wheels because they simply cannot walk anymore due to their excess body weight. Their legs are so weak since they have to handle so much more weight than what they are designed to do. This vision may no longer be fictional if the world keeps ignoring the issue of childhood obesity. Nowadays, not only adults, but the number of children who are obese are incrediblyRead MoreChildhood Obesity and Its Effect1260 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is considered to be a serious issue among our youth. Obesity can cause many types of physical problems, which most are aware of, but it can also cause some undesirable internal feelings within children and adolescents who suffer from it. Self-esteem, or self-worth, is important as it helps develop personality and is a major ingredient to our mental health status (Wang, F. and Veugelers, P. J., 2008). Some have said obesity may even have a negative effect on cognitive developmentRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to a 2010 report by The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prevalence of childhood obesity has more than tripled in the past thirty years. As well as having an impact on health, studies have cited a relationship between obesity and poor school performance as well as a child’s readiness for learning and education. This can be correlated with studies finding â€Å"obese children have a greater risk of social and psychological problems, such as discrimination and poor self-esteem†Read MoreThe Issue Of Childhood Obesity2238 Words   |  9 PagesSmaller governmental initiatives have proven effective, as well as campaigns run by non-governmental organization, yet a large scale federal initiative has yet to be established. Childhood obesity is an ever growing epidemic that has increased to unacceptable proportions. In order to prevent any further escalation of this public, federal legislation must be advocated for and passed that creates more opportunities for physical activity, increased access to healthy food, and puts an end to dishonest

John Winthrop And James Madison - 1197 Words

From the beginning, America has been a safe place for the fostering and cultivating of new thoughts and ideologies, but not without repercussion. This is evident in the life of both John Winthrop and James Madison. From early on in their political careers, both leaders faced political opposition. John Winthrop left familiarity in search of religious freedom and the pursuit of a life pleasing to God. James Madison, in creativity, thought of an entirely renovated way to successfully restructure the government of a nation that acted more as separate states. By using their backgrounds as a driving force for innovation they renovate governmental systems and lead the people from the ground up, inspired by Reformation and republicanism. Their implementation of government was different in emphasis, but the republican ideals behind it were the same. In Edmund S. Morgan’s, The Puritan Dilemma, it was evident that John Winthrop focused his entire life around glorifying God, in turn creat ing a government that did the same. This ideology translated into the way he shaped and structured Puritan society. Winthrop first focused on the formation of a community of unity and harmony, then built a government that fostered it. All of the governmental structures in place were supporting one main focus of the Puritan society being â€Å"a city on a hill.† Citation Further, Puritan society was to act as an example for the surrounding colonies of godly living. Harmony was backed by their ideals ofShow MoreRelatedAmongst The Time Of American History, Liberty Has Been1499 Words   |  6 Pagesthe idea of liberty has changed tremendously. One can define the term liberty, as the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one s way of life, behavior, or political views. John Winthrop believed in using God’s word. When Winthrop became the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, he took people’s rights away due to the fact that liberty was living by the word of God. Winthrop’s idea of liberty is new to the term liberty that Americans know and believeRead MoreThe Separation Between Church And State1492 Words   |  6 Pagesprohibited to regulate or control those who exercise religion. The predominant issue between church and state does not rest on protecting those avoiding religion, but to protect those choosing to practice religious freedom. Roger Williams and John Winthrop firmly believe that church and state must remain separate from the state to prevent misconception in religion. 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This standard is then transformed into what James Madison referred to as â€Å"factions† or as contemporary Americans would refer to as Political parties. All of these variables thus factor into how American’s view law and order represented in Supreme Court cases such as Marbury vs. Madison along with McCulloch vs. MarylandRead MorePuritans, Quakers, And Witchcraft1416 Words   |  6 Pagestrave ling to the Massachusetts Bay colony were led by John Winthrop. In the spring of 1630, John Winthrop composed and delivered what is known to be one of the most famous speeches in American history, â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity† and had everyone sign an agreement. The agreement consisted of working together when they reached the new world. Finding success in good planning, substantial capital, and political influence back in England. Winthrop s core goal, was simple; to create a society out ofRead MoreAnti Federalists Vs The Ratification Of The U.s. 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Her beliefs that only select people were chosen by God due to something within them rather than due to their good actions were against his beliefs. I think that because he had a firm belief that actions were what earned you a spot in Heaven, he would be extremely anti-abortion. 5. In Federalist # 10 James Madison speaks of the public’s view on the government

Importance of Business Math in Business - 1333 Words

What is business mathematics: Business mathematics is mathematics used by commercial enterprises to record and manage business operations. Commercial organizations use mathematics in accounting, inventory management, marketing, sales forecasting, and financial analysis. Mathematics typically used in commerce includes elementary arithmetic, elementary algebra, statistics and probability. Business management can be made more effective in some cases by use of more advanced mathematics such as calculus, matrix algebra and linear programming. In academia, Business Mathematics includes mathematics courses taken at an undergraduate level by business students. These courses are slightly less difficult and do not always go†¦show more content†¦Relation between business mathematics and business: Mathematics is an important subject and knowledge of it enhances a persons reasoning, problem-solving skills, and in general, the ability to think. Hence it is important for understanding almost every subject whether science and technology, medicine, the economy, or business and finance. Mathematical tools such as the theory of chaos are used to mapping market trends and forecasting of the same. Statistics and probability which are branches of mathematics are used in everyday business and economics. Mathematics also form an important part of accounting, and many accountancy companies prefer graduates with joint degrees with mathematics rather than just an accountancy qualification. Financial Mathematics and Business Mathematics form two important branches of mathematics in todays world and these are direct application of mathematics to business and economics. Examples of applied math such as probability theory and management science, such as queuing theory, time-series anal ysis, linear programming all are vital math for business. Mathematics is a universal language. Yes!! 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Evidence Based Research World Health Organization and United Nations

Question: Discuss about theEvidence Based Researchfor World Health Organization and United Nations. Answer: Introduction To demonstrate the effectiveness of the early save program, a pre and post survey was conducted in the hospital. From the results of the survey, it was realized that the program was indeed effective. This session will explain the reasons why the conclusion was made. Data analysis from the pre and post early save survey in the hospital Finegold, Aseria Francis (2012) stated that the major cause of death for the emergency diseases is because of old age. This is as a result of the findings from their study which identified 82% of the victims to be above the age of sixty-five. With this knowledge, the early save team had to ensure this percentage is reduced. Resuscitation being the immediate response ensured the patients are kept stable and those who required further treatment were admitted for further investigation. This was found to be effective after the program was introduced as the percentage of lives lost was decreased. Instead of rushing patients to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), the emergency response team was able to prevent this as the patients reached the facility in time for first aid. Patients Suffering from Seizure In most cases, a seizure lasts for up to five minutes and may cause brain damage to the patient if no immediate reaction is taken (Trinka, Hofler Zerbs, 2012). There is, therefore, the need for an immediate response from trained clinical teams. From the research done, 20% of the callers reported seizure during the pre-early save survey which was the same percentage to the post early save which indicate that a number of people likely to be lost without a quick response. According to the GBD analysis by the Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2013), the number of deaths resulting from seizure was presented to de 116,000 which was more than the 1990 survey by 4,000. A change, therefore, had to be done and with the introduction of the early save the program, the death rate reduced by 15% which is evidence of its effectiveness. Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Rubenfeld et.al (2005) noted that acute respiratory distress has led to high mortality rate ranging from 20 to 50% and is associated mostly with old people. The symptoms which include fast breathing, low level of oxygen in the blood and shortened breath begin within two to three hours of the actual incident and can sometimes occur only after one to three days (Bakowitz, 2012). This gives ample time to report to the nearby health facility in time for supposed treatment. Since the introduction of the early save the program, the percentage of patients who get a response and only remain in the ward for observation rose from 20% to 50%. This is an indication that the program is capable of saving lives and cuts the cost of having to be transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) which is beneficial to the families of the patients as well as the medical practitioners. Patients with Suspected Cardiac Pains Woo Schneider (2009) identified heart attack and esophagus rapture to be among the causes of cardiac pains. A thorough medical examination of the patient is, therefore, important to determine the real cause of the suspected pains. In the survey, the percentage of callers with suspected cardiac pains dropped from 20 % to 10%. The reduction could be attributed to prior treatment that the patients had been subjected to. Patients were admitted to the hospital early enough; the causes reduced or eliminated which explains the reduced percentage. Patients with Worsening RespiratoryFunctions According to the Rabe, Hurd Anzueto (2007) research, respiratory functions can be worsened due to inhalation of pollutants. The symptoms include shortened breath and difference in the number and color of the respiratory track phlegm. These symptoms may last for a number of days and may end up not being detected in the body. The percentage of Medical Emergency Team (MET) callers rose from 20 % to 30% during the post early save survey. Walters (2014) suggested that the best approach to the treatment of this particular problem is by therapy. Due to the many numbers of days of the preliminary symptoms of the worsened respiratory functions, most patients were not able to detect them in time to report which could explain the increased percentage. The early save team are however on the lookout which is demonstrated by the reduced percentage of those transferred to the ICU and HDU. Most of the patients are given immediate treatment and end up in the ward just for observations. From the above illustrations, the program has been proved to be effective and has a potential of helping the hospital save even more lives. Effects of Family Presence during the Resuscitation Introduction As a way of reducing the death cases in the hospital, an early save program has been implemented to help in early recognition and response to clinical deterioration. It is supposed to work with the existing code blue response process to attend to severe threatening medical emergencies like a cardiac attack. The program involves education of the clinical staff, a more formalized Medical Emergency Team (MET) process, and the introduction of an Observation and Escalation Chart. A pre and post survey investigation had been done which proved that the program is beneficial to the patients as well as to the medical practitioners. The report will be based on journals and databases in the field of medical practice. From the preliminary research done, I think family members presence is not a hindrance to the resuscitation process due to the reasons below. Quality of the Resuscitation In relation to the quality of the resuscitation, it was proved that the quality of the process is similar in the presence or absence of family members. There is, however, a slight difference in connection to the time for the resuscitation process (Goldberger et.al, 2015). In the presence of the family members, the patients regained consciousness faster than when they are alone with the doctors. This proves improved quality of resuscitation meaning a good process to be carried out. Aggressiveness of the Process The resuscitation process showed a big difference in the aggressiveness with the presence of the family members (Goldberger et.al, 2015). Most patients who undergo the process in the presence of their loved ones end up having more aggressive process and as discharged quickly or transferred to other units for further treatment. Chances of Suicide to Family Members after Resuscitation Oczkowiski et.al (2015) review concerning the effects of the presence or absence family during resuscitation is based on the chances of loss of life during or after the process. In their study, there is no evidence of suicide trend for the family members who witness the resuscitation of their loved ones within 28 days after the process. This is an indication that even if they are present or not, they are not likely to attempt suicide considering the experience they get or what they witness as a result of depression. This lack of negative effect makes resuscitation to be considered good for the patients. Chances of Patients Death during Resuscitation In addition, the Oczkowiski et.al (2015) report revealed that the number of patients who die during the resuscitation process was not affected by the presence of the family members. Those who die in the absence of their family members were the same percentage as the ones who succumbed in their presence. The effect was 95% positive which indicates that the cause of death is not as a result of their presence but due to other reasons altogether making resuscitation a good process to patients. The Duration of Resuscitation Process The amount of time required to complete the resuscitation process according to Oczkowiski et.al (2015) is also not affected by the presence of the family members. According to them, it took about twenty-six minutes to complete resuscitation for each patient in the presence of their loved ones which was about five minutes less than in usual cases. This is an indication that their presence is more advantageous to the process than when they are absent and therefore a recommended move. Flanders Strasen (2014) in their research also indicated that the presence of the family in the room during resuscitation is of benefit. This was also proved that the patients are more motivated to continue fighting for their lives when close to their family members. There is, however, no data to prove this concept and it, therefore, remain as a claim. The quality of the process is also high and can be conducted within the shortest time possible. In conclusion, it is evident that the presence of family members has positive effects on the process of resuscitation. Resuscitation is therefore proved to be a good process to be performed to anyone with cardiac disease. The family members should also be allowed to be present during the process as a way of motivation to the patients. From this report, the early save program is also a good project that the hospital should continue working with in collaboration with the available cold blue practices. References Bakowitz M. (2012). Acute lung injury and the acute lung respitratory distress syndrome in the injured syndrome in the injured patient. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resusciatation and Emergency Medicine. Finegold J., Aseria P. and Francis D (2012). Mortality from ischaemic heart disease by country, region and age: Statistics from World Health Organization and United Nations. International Journal of Cardiology Flanders S. and Strasen J. (2014). Review of evidence about family presence during resuscitation. Critical care nursing clinics of North America GBD. Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2013). Global, regional and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death , 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet Goldberger Z., Nallamothu B., Nichol G., Chan P., Curtis R., Cooke C. and American Health Association (2015). Family presence during resuscitation and patterns of care during in-hospital cardiac arrest: Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes Oczkowiski S., Mazzetti I., Cupido C. and Robichaud A. (2015). The offering of family presence during resuscitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of intensive care. Rabe K., Hurd S., and Anzueto A. (2007). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD Executive Summary. Rubenfeld D., Caldwell E., Peabody E., Weaver J., Martin D., Neff M., Stern J. and Hudson L. (2005). Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Lung Injury. New England journal of medicine. Trinka E., Hofler J. and Zerbs A (2012). Causes of status epilepticus. Epilepsia Walters J., Tan D., White C. and Wood R. (2014). Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Woo K., and Schneider J. (2009). High risk chief complaints: chest pains-the big three. Emergency medical clinic. North America